Left untreated, cuts and blisters can become serious infections, which may heal poorly. Diabetes may raise the risk of some skin problems, including bacterial and fungal infections. Diabetes increases the risk of serious eye diseases, such as cataracts and glaucoma, and may damage the blood vessels of the retina, potentially leading to blindness. That may require dialysis or a kidney transplant. Diabetes may lead to chronic kidney disease or end-stage kidney disease that can't be reversed. Nerve damage also may cause erectile dysfunction. Nerve damage in the digestive system can cause problems with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation. Damage to nerves of the heart can contribute to irregular heart rhythms. That may result in tingling, numbness, burning, pain or eventual loss of feeling that usually begins at the tips of the toes or fingers and gradually spreads upward. High blood sugar over time can damage or destroy nerves. Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure and narrowing of blood vessels, a condition called atherosclerosis. Managing diabetes and controlling blood sugar can lower the risk for these complications and other medical conditions, including: Also, factors that increase the risk of diabetes are risk factors for other serious diseases. Type 2 diabetes affects many major organs, including the heart, blood vessels, nerves, eyes and kidneys. Having polycystic ovary syndrome - a condition characterized by irregular menstrual periods, excess hair growth and obesity - increases the risk of diabetes. The risk of developing type 2 diabetes is higher in people who had gestational diabetes when they were pregnant and in those who gave birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds (4 kilograms). Left untreated, prediabetes often progresses to type 2 diabetes. Prediabetes is a condition in which the blood sugar level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as diabetes. The risk of type 2 diabetes increases with age, especially after age 35. An increased risk is associated with low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol - the "good" cholesterol - and high levels of triglycerides. Although it's unclear why, people of certain races and ethnicities - including Black, Hispanic, Native American and Asian people, and Pacific Islanders - are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than white people are. An individual's risk of type 2 diabetes increases if a parent or sibling has type 2 diabetes. Physical activity helps control weight, uses up glucose as energy and makes cells more sensitive to insulin. The less active a person is, the greater the risk. The risk of type 2 diabetes is higher in men with a waist circumference above 40 inches (101.6 centimeters) and in women with a waist measurement above 35 inches (88.9 centimeters). Storing fat mainly in the abdomen - rather than the hips and thighs - indicates a greater risk. Being overweight or obese is a main risk. Risk factorsįactors that may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes include: Eventually the cells in the pancreas that make insulin become damaged and can't make enough insulin to meet the body's needs. As blood sugar levels rise, the pancreas releases more insulin. Instead of moving into the cells, sugar builds up in the blood. In type 2 diabetes, this process doesn't work well.
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